Ancient books that discuss history, geography, or science contain many errors. Current editions of many medical books become totally useless in less than a decade. In the light of this it would be quite illuminating to examine the scientific passages the very ancient book of Job.

Of all the books in Bible, scholars regard Job as the oldest. This book has been put almost in the middle of the Old Testament — instead of being placed according to chronology — because all the poetic books have been grouped into one in the middle of Old Testament. The story in the book has taken place somewhat at, or even before, the time of Abraham. This means that the narratives recorded in this books are perhaps more than four thousand years old.

Today researchers have in their collection a good amount of literature produced in ancient times. Archeologists have unearthed thousands of clay tablets and other written material that gives us a fairly good idea of the cultural and scientific development attained by people of old. This can then be compared with the information recorded in the book of Job to see whether the divine inspiration of this book has left any special mark on it or not.
One of the best and easiest things to do in this matter is to examine the scientific content of the ancient literature. We all know that people who lived in these ancient societies maintained many erroneous ideas regarding the natural world, and these ideas are often carried into their writings — preserved now for our study. However, when one compares the ancient literature with the book of Job, which is equally ancient, we will find a striking difference.

Whenever ancient writers wrote about the natural world, they affirmed many things that were wrong, foolish, or even silly. This was not always their fault, but rather the consequence of their ignorance. Logically, if the book of Job is a product of only human writers, then it should exhibit a similar pattern of errors. This would be an enlightening experiment because the book of Job is full of comments about the natural world. Even a cursory reading will reveal over one hundred references to the natural world.
However, what strikes a careful reader is the sanity of these comments. The ancients had very bizarre ideas about the world, its origin and its day-to-day happenings. For example, people of many ancient civilizations considered the solar and lunar eclipse as the result of giants swallowing up the sun and the moon, respectively. In fact, without exception, almost all comments which the ancient people made regarding the natural world were ridiculous. However, the book of Job shows an unusual balance of thought and a restraint from wild imaginations. And, even more than the restraint, many of the statements have turned out to be highly accurate assessments of the physical world and its natural processes. Just a few of these examples are cited below.
Air is felt by all of us when a breeze moves past our faces. However, it is an entity that can neither be seen nor touched. It is difficult to imagine that it would have any weight, and for thousands of years people did not know that air has any weight. In fact a few hundred years ago, a person venturing to suggest that air has weight would have been laughed out of court even by the most scholarly people of his times.

It is only in the recent centuries that scientists who study air demonstrated that it has a significant amount of weight. Even today people are amazed when we tell them that air has a measurable weight — and it requires some effort to convince them. However, the book of Job says about God’s activity, “When He imparted weight to the air” (Job 28:25). Had the scientists taken this statement seriously, they could have discovered this fact much before the time when they actually discovered this property of air.

The study of moon is another example. For thousands of years moon has been considered a SOURCE of pure, soft, and undefiled light. Similar to the sun and stars, moon was also understood as emitting its own light. It is only after the invention of telescopes that people understood the real nature of moonlight — it is the light of sun, reflected from the dusty surface of moon. But in the four thousand year old discourse with Job, Bildad says that “If even the moon has no brightness” then how much is the glory of man (Job 25:5-6).

If the Bible were a book written merely by human authors using their human intelligence alone, then this books should not have been any different from the rest of the ancient writings. In these ancient writings, even when produced by the wisest men of that generation, we find scores of scientific errors. This is a rule of this world that even the best of the brains cannot escape the scientific fallacies of his age. This is such a universal fact that even medical books written merely a hundred years ago are full of scientific blunders. About 160 different organs in the body were considered — and declared — vestigial and useless; today almost all of these have been discovered to be vital for the functioning of the human body.

Whenever human authors comment upon the natural world, they are bound to repeat the erroneous beliefs of their generation. However, when it comes to the speakers in the book of Job they do not make a single mistake, even though they make hundreds of references to the natural world. On the contrary, many of their observations were scientifically so advanced that scientists discovered those truths only in the recent times. Surely one has to look to the Divine Hand behind the writing of Bible to explain this.

ENVIRONMENTAL LITERACY

With the intrusion of environmental problems in every walk of life, it has been become the most common and fashionable topic to talk about for everyone. Therefore, environmental study no more remains the domain of only environmentalists, environmental scientists, environmental engineers, environmental geographers and bio-geographers rather it became the general knowledge for all people, irrespective of their race, age, and professions. Moreover, the growing environmental problems in day-to-day life in the form of global warming, ozone depletion, sea level change, environmental pollutions, etc., lead towards man-made environmental hazards. All these things not only threat people’s lives but also develop many uncurable and chronic diseases. Hence, it is very necessary to disseminate environmental education through master plan.

However, it is quite difficult to define the term environmental literacy because it incorporates many disciplines in itself. Nevertheless, David Orr in his book “Ecological Literacy” defines – “the crisis of sustainability and the problems of education are in large measure a crisis of knowledge. But is the problem as is commonly believed, that we do not know enough? Or, that we know too much? Or, that we do not know enough about some things and too much about other things? Or, is it that our scientific methods are in some ways flawed? Is it that we have forgotten things we need to remember? Or, is it that we have forgotten other ways of knowing that lie in the realm of vision, intuition, revelation, empathy, or even common sense? Such questions are not asked often enough…”

Why necessary?

• Our natural environment due to over exploitations and negligence lost its ecological balance

• Disappearance and about to disappear many flora and fauna which were/are key elements of ecosystem

• Disappearance of ecosystem which has been fasten the process of desertification, salinization etc.

• Due to this, the remaining ecosystems are constantly changing, either rapidly or slowly and it has been affecting the life cycles and alters the relationships among the species

• It is mainly humans who have changed the earth’s ecosystems and disrupted ecological balance and ultimately affected global climate

How to literate:

    Environmental study also nexus with other disciplines very frequently and hence demands the incorporation of other disciplines such as ecology, bio-geography, ethics, law etc. Though, due to this interdisciplinary nature, environmental study becomes a challenging task. But the growing complexities of environmental problems insinuate us to acquire the basics of environmental knowledge. Environmental problems are disseminated in this fashion that it could not be solved by simple plan made and partly implemented by government. It is no more only the problems of public at large, but every individual concerns with it. Therefore, now every individual need to literate with environmental literacy whereas he/she could take care of this dying environment, because this is one of the best solutions to overcome the situation from the root level.

There are following methods to diffuse the environmental literacy viz…..

• Incorporate it with the stream line syllabus right from the first class

• Run various programmes such as drama, documentary, advertisement through radio, television, newspaper, magazine etc., specifically for remote and illiterate people

• Promote social and agro-forestry

• Promote to use natural and bio-degradable things and avoid the artificial and non-biodegradable things such as polythene, plastics etc

• Make it an obligatory duty for everyone to keep his/her environment clean

    Above discussion of course, suggests us to acquire environmental literacy and also to teach others and make understandable the environmental problems in order to analyze, synthesis, and evaluate the situation properly which will ultimately protect the environment. Environmentally literate people will have the knowledge with sensitivity to address the environmental problems comprehensibly. Therefore, environmental literacy is the sound knowledge of practices, activities, and feelings familiarity with the environment. Subsequently, it engenders not only the underlying scientific principles but also infuses value systems, spiritual, aesthetic, ethical, and emotional responsibilities which eventually help people to interpret and act ideally to the environmental problems.

I became so ill that even now I can not move easily. My normal ability to think and speak has been damaged. I think that you will take sudden attempts to retaliate the culprits. [Please note that the local government don’t so dare to arrest those criminals; because of the limitation of its power. A general diary has been submitted to Kotowali Model Thana, Jessore; G.D. No. 413, Date 10-01-2009. So I request you to activate and enhance the police administration also so that they can be successful in this issue.]

DETAILS OF THE CRIMINALS AND THEIR ACTIVITIES.

Two of the above teachers, namely Md. Rafiq (Lecturer, Physics) and Biddut Kumar (Asst. Prof. Geography) exposed illegal arms, which they used by three other younger teachers, namely Sadekul Islam (Lecturer, Language Club; he wears a ‘tablig/sunnah’ suit), and Sujit (27th B.C.S., Lecturer, Mathematics), and Subrato Kumar Das, as mentioned earlier. A total of at least 10 teachers were directly involved in that phenomenon including the five teachers, whose names and identities are mentioned here. It is to inform you that most of them are of 24th batch of B.C.S Test, and remaining are of junior batches.

They were preparing to create a conflict with me. They banned my passage of going to my destination. One of them, Subrato Kumar Das (Lecturer, Botany), was little known to me, so I just talked to them in a short. After observing the motives of their having illegal arms I expressed my desire to go to my own profession. But they hindered me to leave that place, and asked me for jobs. I clearly told him that now there are no such projects, which they fit for. Because, all the work under my publication is of engineering and I am a writer of the courses, which are studied in the university Honors and Masters Programs. I also told them that whenever I can provide works that matches with their subjects, I will contact them. And then they will be required the permission of their employing authority of their present job. But still then, they did not stopped, but initiated a lot of queries about my business. When they reach deeper things about the policies, program and financial matters I stopped answering.

Remember that they had become informed previously by some R.U. Teachers that I was nominated as a Member of the Senate, Rajshahi University and it is a senior position to them. Instead of giving proper respect, they asked me to address them as “Sir”, though all of them are junior to me both academically and professionally. I told them this reality but they refused to accept and obey the truth. Besides, at the earlier stage, they gave rise to varying opinions on an issue whether the ‘Admin Cadre’ or the ‘Education Cadre’ is preferred and talented. By their question I had to give opinion on the ‘Admin Cadre’ and I had proved it logically. Though they verified it, by a phone call to a concerned person, one of them could not tolerate it and made his colleagues angry and rude to me.

They did so by their excessive pride of being the B.C.S. officers. One of them, Md. Rafiq, who switched down from ‘Admin Cadre’ to ‘Education Cadre’ and trying to implement his magistracy power (though he must have exempted from this right) through his illegal arms which he won from a seize that he did not submit to the right place. On a calm and quite situation of the discussion, he suddenly hit me, but I did not.

They found help from some corrupted R.U. teachers; who supplied fuel in extending the fire of those criminal activities. At least two of the above persons introduced themselves as the former students of R.U. and fought for those R.U. teachers in lue of bribe. Because those R.U. teachers had pirated a theory of mine, the matter of which ultimately went under trial, and they have been avoiding the court heart and soul. Facing the whole occurrence it is confirm that they were prepared from the past, taking some bribes from the god-fathers in Rajshahi and Dhaka University. And I listened from their phone talk and observed that Munshi Monjurul Hoq, (an Assoc. Prof* of Islamic History Department), Md. Sultan-Ul-Islam (Assoc. Prof. of Geology & Mining Department), and a few other teachers of Rajshahi University instigated them from behind. At the end of that phenomena Md. Rafiq, along with Biddut and Subrato were planning to pirate my intellectual properties and bank deposits in home and abroad. (*Entry level class one position in comparison to government job).

The group of teachers present at that time interfered my family and even parental issue and expressed in public face. It should be mentioned that Subrato Kumar Das studied at the same department (Botany) in Dhaka University, where my spouse, namely, Tarannum Ferdous (who was engaged to me) also studied. He had separated her from me and has been trying to set an illegal relation with that pious lady (although she is senior to him and of Muslim religion). Some culprit teachers in Rajshahi University including Munshi Monjurul Hoq raped her during June 2006, and also later times. I have tried for about two years to contact that lady so that I can get justice. But the culprits, with the help of some D.U. teachers including (Emdadul Hoq, Professor, and Md. Nurul Islam, Lecture, Botany), were able to send her abroad to avoid legal actions. Even when she stays in home I could neither reach nor contact her, as those criminals made her (and her parents) convinced against me and thus her family did not allow these. So, I had to send a legal notice on 21 April 2008 (GEP No. 726, HPO, Jessore) with the help of a lawyer. But ultimately she or her parents refused to receive that notice and so it was returned to me. Now I become fade up with her matter, and I feel it incompatible to pursue for her, as her family refused to send her with me from the very early time (because of their pride of being a citizen of Dhaka City; though they were brought up in Jessore). As the matter has been dismissed legally, logically and also religiously, there is no way open to talk for this. But on 22 December, during that occurrence, Subrato Kumar, suddenly blamed me that I did never went to Dhaka to see/bring her. I asked him evidence for supporting his speech. And I showed evidence of going to Dhaka for more than ten times. But they denied obeying this; even they claimed themselves as her guardians (?).  Then I asked them to talk about her in a suitable time. They showed threat to me to talk just at that time, while I was quite busy. So, I requested that they should go to the lawyers and pursue legally, if they want to talk anything about that lady. But the refused and by the hints of Md. Rafiq, changed their attitude and tried to impose her upon me for any obscured reason, the blue-print of which they planned earlier to picture during that time. I had suggested them to go through the legal way, but Md. Rafiq denied to obey the court, dishonored it, and showed extremely rude behavior and emphasis themselves upon the court. He along with some others told, “Lawyers and courts are under the sole of our shoes.” They showed me threat that they will rape my mother and kill me, unless I marry that lady.

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Emergence of Cities: 

Since inception man’s aim has always been to improve one’s standard of life and to attain happiness. Further man is a need as well as desire driven being. However, life is a continuous activity surrounded with problems. If these problems left unsolved gradually it leads to chaos. Therefore, the purpose of knowledge as well as man’s activities has always been to solve the problems. 

As our knowledge about the beginning of human race is very limited, therefore it is impossible to precisely know the way of life of primitive humans. As human race emerges from a pair of a man and a woman, Adam and Eve, over a very long period of time humans multiplied exponentially. For varied reasons they split into sub groups and start moving away from the herd. There emerges the concept of migration. As they were forced to move they have to find a habitat that fulfills their basic needs of food, clothing, shelter and comparative security. Water is the very basic human need. Therefore, there is historical trend that human habitation has always been in proximity to resources of potable water, like rivers and wells. After fertile land and water resources are secured that provide the fundamental sources for basic needs, man strives for luxuries. Trading is the means of securing the rare, precious, value added and better goods. Traditionally, sea was the most advanced way of transferring goods and people with comparatively greater ease and speed to far away places. For this reason, we also find the emergence of large cities bordering coasts. 

Problems and Growth of cities: 

The desire for improving one’s standard of life is innate. Trade and favorable geographical location of cities results in bringing prosperity to the cities. Mainly construction and trade activities increase because of prosperity that increases the demand for artisans and workers. Higher compensation attracts the artisans and workers from far off areas, with the passage of long time these migrants also settle in cities and grows exponentially. This kind of increase generally leads to haphazard growth of cities that creates multifarious problems like sanitation, housing, traffic, water, pollution, crime, disease etc. From the study of archaeological sites like Mohnjedaro we found a highly developed city with a web of roads and sanitation system.

Administration of cities:

Whenever some people start living together there emerges the need for some organization as well as laws for the running of the day-to-day affairs for business transactions, as well as resolving conflicts arising due to social interaction and for maintenance of law and order. Large cities with citizens from different races and religions require greater need for administration. This need results in analyzing and formulating plans and polices according to the prevalent technology, knowledge and social thought of the populace.

Mega cities, as we know today, are similarly established on these grounds. However, there is a significant difference in their organization, which is also result of technological factors, is that they is much more planning and similarity in their organization than their ancient simulacrum. 

Urban Studies and Urban Economics: 

The emergence of big as well as mega cities calls for specialized field of study. Therefore, academia has extensively worked on the problems faced by cities under the fields of Urban Studies and Urban Economics. Under Studies is a more comprehensive, holistic and objective oriented approach for catering the theoretical as well as practical requirements of the cities. It encompasses all the technical, social, political, economic and legal areas pertaining to cities. On the other hand, Urban Economics focuses on the monetary and financial aspects of all the areas studied under urban studies.

Urban economics is mainly focused on the study of urban domains focusing on the context of geographical location, transportation cost, and placement in production and consumption decisions. Besides it also tries to find the raison d’être of cities viz. the reasons for their emergence, how urban area is used with in cities, and the relative location of one city with other city and their suburbs, and density of its population. Furthermore it also studies the problems and their economic impact, costs and their solutions like: housing, pollution, crime, health issues, education, sewage and sanitation, urban sprawl, economic agglomeration, infrastructure development, public recreation facilities, economic planning, inflation, wage rate, mobilization & transit costs, and public finance. 

The modern issues, as a result of unprecedented economic and technological growth, that urban economists faced and to find their solution along with other urban study specialists are:

 1. Environmentalism/Eco-cities/Externalities: They are costs or benefits resulting from any economic activity that the unrelated parties incur. There are both negative and positive externalities. Pollution is an example of negative externality while planting trees around the boundary of any business establishment is an example of positive externality. Ecological sanitation is also a method used for attainting goal of healthy sustainable environment. It can be viewed as a three-step process dealing with human excreta: (1) Containment, (2) Sanitization, (3) Recycling and finding the best way of managing them. Establishment of an eco-industrial park is of special focus in it where  businesses cooperate with each other and with the local community in an attempt to reduce waste, efficiently share resources (such as information, materials, water, energy, infrastructure, and natural resources), and produce sustainable development, with the intention of increasing economic gains and improving environmental quality.

2. Infra structure development & Transportation:  Because of the impact of transportation, it is studies as an independent subject as Transportation economics associated with civil and mechanical engineering. Commuting and transportation are integral parts of any economic activity; therefore transportation is of main concern in urban economics. It has both positive and negative externalities. Further congestion, colloquially known as traffic jams, are a big problem as they result in slower speeds and longer lead times. The effects of congestion are:

 Stress and frustration of commuters that may boost road rage and affect their health. It causes fuel waste and air pollution. 

A special demand and supply study is undertaken in it. Where demand is measured as total distance traveled during all trips and supply is the available capacity of transportation options. Moreover financial implications to build and to support a transportation network are also special area of study.

Moreover transit-oriented development, traffic calming and sustainable urban infrastructure are also areas of special interest in this category.

3. Public Finance/ Municipal Finance/Government. Finance: Revenue and expenditures are the essential features of any organizational activity. There financing methods and budgeting are the area of study under the topic of public finance.

4. Population studies:  In it the characteristics of the urban citizens are studied. Another phenomenon is that of Urban Migration is also of key importance.

5. Housing: Burgeoning population causes a problem among other things of housing. Affordable and environmentally sustainable housing are the tasks concerning Specialists of Urban studies and as well as economists. Landscape urbanism as well as public housing projects are some of the measures to resolve this issue.

6. Urban planning: Urban planning is a branch of land use planning and deals with the efficient placement of land use activities, infrastructure and settlement growth across an individual city or town The problems arising out of urban sprawl (unplanned, rapid and expansive urbanization) are a special area of interest for city planners. However, in it we also study various other issues. Another task of urban planning became urban renewal, and re-invigorating inner cities by adapting urban planning methods to existing cities, some with much long-term infrastructural decay. Some extreme measures like urban secession is a city’s secession from its surrounding region; to form a new political unit are suggested for this purpose

 7. Problem of Poverty, crime & Unemployment: Poverty is the main cause of crime and unemployment is another feature promoting crime. These features are important part of urban economics for the aim of economics is towards better standard of living and prosperity. 

8. Urban Economic policy: It refers to the actions that local governments take in the economic field. It covers the systems for setting government deficit as well as the labor market, national ownership, and many other areas of government.

9. Economic geography: It is the study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the cities and its suburbs. It focuses on the Location theory, like industrial zones & economies of agglomeration and retail and wholesale businesses, on transportation and trade, and on the changing value of real estate. Urban economic geography is closely connected with topics as transportation, agriculture, industrial location, world trade the Geographic Information System, and the Spatial planning and function of business activity.